The study presents a conceptual analysis of the main approaches to the study of the human brain and consciousness from the standpoint of modern domestic and foreign neuroscience. Relevant interpretations of such problematic issues and concepts as “the boundary of the human body”, “embodied knowledge”, “general artificial intelligence”, “self”, etc. From the standpoint of a body-oriented approach, the problem of co-evolution of the body, consciousness, technology and social environment is considered. The idea of the body as an artifact is updated (...) in the context of technological change in human nature, which entails the elimination of the living human body. On the example of the Homeric epic, it is shown that attempts to overcome vulnerability demonstrate one of the fundamental human needs. The realization of the need to expand and push the boundaries of the body in the anthropotechnological environment is presented in the form of a cyborg. It is suggested that, in terms of content, the idea of the “embodied mind”, as well as the project of creating a Hybrid reality and pan-communication, stem from the immanent human need for bodily involvement in the surrounding world. The features of the creation of Artificial Intelligence and Artificial General Intelligence at the present stage are revealed. The expediency of studying the results of neuroscientific comprehension of the organization of mental processes, first of all, in the field of visualization of brain processes and the mapping method, is noted. The main modern projects for the study of the brain, as well as the most effective methods for obtaining data on brain structures, are considered. The actual results of the research are described in such areas of neuroscience as: the study of mirror neurons and their systems; “reading the brain”, the study of neural correlates of consciousness. The results of studies of representatives of domestic neuroscience are presented. The human “I” is considered as a unique structure of the Ego-system of the brain (“self”). In conclusion, a conclusion is made about the significant influence of modern neuroscience on understanding the features of the functioning of the human brain, consciousness and cognitive processes; the effectiveness of applying the body-oriented approach to comprehending the integrity of “body-consciousness-technologies-social environment” is revealed. (shrink)

У статті розкриваються російсько-радянські основи ментальності мешканців Донбасу, яка характеризується автором як афективно-фрагментарна. Її ключовими особливостями є історична багатоукладність ціннісних смислів, гостре внутрішнє протиріччя, переплетення архаїко-язичницьких і християнських ідей, глибокий вплив міфо-казкових архетипів. Кілька спроб модернізації країни не змінили радянсько-російську ментальність, вона лише набула цивілізаційних атрибутів, але не напрацювала позитивних механізмів адаптації до нових реалій життя.

The author seeks to reveal the contents Skotovoho term "haecceitas", pointing to its location in metaphysics Scholasticus and European influence on the development of individualized thinking. Concluding should be noted that the term Skotovskyy haecceitas legitimizes in western thinking right essential to the existence of a single state in the autonomous formalities in a state of positive-singular being relative to the summum ens, preserving the unity of the personal hierarchy of the universe. This doctrinal principle axiologicaly urivnovazhyv metaphysical thinking of (...) the natural intelligence of the individual to determine their yedynoznachnist things. Explain this view, Habermas, who notes that "... metaphysical thinking shapes suited to the individual. John Duns Scotus justifies it eventually to extend of essential also in the sphere of the individual. It gives a precise definition of Haecceitas, which also puts a stamp on individuation significant, because it is really essential opposed to individual equivalent generality". As a mode of essential forms haecceitas makes it the ultimate reality Meanwhile "individual form," which asserts the man status uniqueness. Comprehension of "individual forms" that there is a reasonable, figuratively originality here and now finds loving will of the Creator to creation, and the inspiring personality to volitional direction defined by God to perfect forms and types. This imposes a duty on the ambivalent personality. On the one hand the individual is responsible for the terrible harmony with summum ens, on the other hand gets within their reality, to be sreatorom natural and human things - finally implement the will of God in single-unique. Latest content is the foundation of modern thinking and definitive doctrinal legitimation of Western individualism. (shrink)

У статті досліджуються конститутивні пункти середньовічного міста, елементи онтологічної сутності цього феномену. Відправною сутністю середньовічного міста є його трансцендентна спрямованість, яка затверджує уявлені образи порядку, що втілюються в раціонально-правову цілісність та спадковість міського життя. Процес смислоутворення середньовічного міста має своє підґрунтя в біблійних образах, богословських екзегезах та архетипних діях - утворення завдяки колективній клятві асоціації рівних, що скеровують своє співжиття до досягнення релігійного ідеалу. Цей формоутворюючий процес мав задачу позбавитись status naturae і через громадське служіння, бездоганне виконання законів і доброчесність (...) наблизитися до status gratiae - земного стану духовної свободи та вдосконалення. Досвід формування міста в середні віки відроджує ідею античного поліса, його ключову відзнаку - раціонально-правову впорядкованість, що виявляється в евдомонічній формі життя. (shrink)

Review of monograph: Malyarchuk О. М. Social and economic processes in the western region of the Ukrainian SSR : [monograph] / О. М. Malyarchuk. – Ivano-Frankivsk : Symphoniia forte, 2015. – 548 p.

In the article the attitude of the social and political elite to the existence of independent Ukraine. For this purpose analyzed the major geopolitical concepts and legal documents on foreign policy that defined the Russian policy on post-Soviet states during the 1990s. Common to all these works have analyzed the declaration of the Russian Federation Centre the former Soviet Union and former Soviet territory republics - the Russian zone of vital interests. Also, attention is focused on the plans of the (...) Russian social and political elite to restore the former USSR new association with the dominant role of Russia in it. The emphasis is on the negative perception of independence of Ukraine in the Russian social and political thought. Also accented Russian politicians to substantiate the need to restore political unity of the Slavic peoples, to return the "natural" geopolitical status of Russia, provide a geopolitical control over the territories that were part of the USSR. Political, economic, military and informational relationship between Ukraine and Russia in terms of Russian politicians, the long-term national interests of Russia. On the contrary same integration of Ukraine to other international entities threat to the Russian Federation and the plan of building a "Great Russia". The influence of these concepts on the formation of foreign policy strategy, particularly in the current policy of Russia towards Ukraine. It is assumed that it is the political rhetoric of the Russian national patriots and left gave impetus to the efforts of great practical implementation of their geopolitical goals, including through the brutal interference in the internal affairs of Ukraine. (shrink)

The article reconstructs the false foundations of Soviet designs imaginable urbanization detects starting social places concepts of "classical" days of building socialism. Projected into the future the idea of permanent revolution, the destruction of "bourgeois barbarism" and desire the establishment of legal order Bolsheviks led the workers to the approval of a new type of state and the formation of a new anthropological type of person. This type - "eternal revolutionary", "architect of the new world" had to live with a (...) single purpose - to extend the principles of proletarian justice to the axis of the world. The epicenter of the factory or the formation of the new man was an industrial city - industrial zone heroically-miltarism work. The main method of the formation of cities and the new man was a total mobilization, the image of the antagonistic enemy of mythic-Titanic goal, collectively practice of collective responsibility, temporal-topeni the control of the state-party bodies the army-camp architecture, etc. The Communists sought to build the city for centuries, people, nomos chose to build incubators "eternal revolutionaries", the barracks of the unknown soldier or barracks devotees of "Stakhanovite". In the draft party not only needs to become an industrial base for future victories over bourgeois barbarism, but also a gathering place loyal fighters for a revolutionary breakthrough - the construction of communism all over the world. Social city - misguided or sinister space, which is not provided for the life of a healthy society. It is the fruit of pure nomos, state coercion, that denied cultural and national experiences, socio-economic patterns, cravings human being the ruins of the Communist concepts of permanent revolution and militarism of labor. The experience of the Communist daydreaming inspires the statement that as an axiom of the relationship of nomos and fuses in urban space is the right man for happiness. A key measure of their dialectical interaction is the reliance on the security and preservation of the integrity of human nature, national heritage, the experience of past generations. (shrink)

The article describes the representation of St. Augustine's spirit and theological-historical implications of the law, its positive impact on the legitimization of European identity. Theologian distinguishes three types of law: a temporary, natural and eternal law. The latter is an all-encompassing force that controls all the processes of creation. It is implemented through the story and disclosed in the cognitive capabilities of a person to understand its course. Person of the eternal law is also the Holy Letter. It directs the (...) faithful to the divine essence and enables the implementation of the covenants of Christ - to search for individual mutual society. Realization of the Divine precepts creates two social practices: the legalization of individual and corporate rights of the defense of honor and collective property, as well as claims libertalny principle of law. Natural law comes from the eternal law, and there is a perfect synthesis of normal human relationships and the general laws of nature. Its key provisions are security and the continuation of life of the human race. Precept of natural law is the pursuit of a free implementation of the transcendent and the immanent levels of human existence. And at the same time the desire of people to be a single entity - to reach a general agreement (concordia), the order of love with all the elements of social life. Klyuchnym for achieving concordia is understanding people in the language that gives everyone in the communication process with the "neighbors" to reveal their natural essence and develop common criteria for the fair. Temporary law is a combination of the laws of the state and social control in the form of folk traditions and customs. It forms a unique socio-politic about individual people and determines its development. For Augustine, the temporary law is conscious norm overseas social elements of individual and corporate desires that can destroy people reached concordia. However, Augustine's interpretation of the law did not eliminate the temporary rule of the eternal law in the soul of man - his conscience and the right of free solutions. The human soul is a divine archetype, and therefore the individual acquires the status of an autonomous artist eternal and natural law. Thus, the Augustinian doctrine of the law legitimizes the human right to self-affirmation, the autonomic harmonization of all three levels of law. This aspect of the teaching of St. Augustine become the basis for the approval of the European individualism. (shrink)

У статті розкрито уявлення св. Августина про іманентний і трансцендентний зміст страху й визначено його місце в уявленій світобудові та значення в індивідуальному процесі реалізації універсальних форм - у спасінні. Виявлено, що в доктрині отця церкви страх має три види і є дієвим елементом світобудови. Його спроможність трансформувати світоглядну уяву первісно залежить від вільного вибору людини. А символізм й ієрархічність дали змогу створити теократичний взірець ідеального соціально-політичного порядку й використовувати страх як знаряддя "нагляду" за всім, що потенційно загрожує безпеці колективного (...) спасіння. (shrink)

This paper examines the nature and mission of the church in case of synchronization of individual and collective revealed and its social dimension in the doctrine of St. Augustine. We found that the doctrine of St. Augustine church focusing on a few universal concepts which make it possible to share a mystical communion into hierarchical levels and justify a higher capability to church "loving compulsion" imperfect. This flexible foundation principle of creating individual and collective synchronization and admitted his main tools: (...) Christian state that receives the highest sanction carrier sword of the Lord and the monastic way of believer's life - estrangement and in silent contemplation of the eternal state of the soul essence. The teaching of theologians had a double effect. It is, at first, was the basis of the concept of sacral and utilitarian State High and Late Middle Ages. Secondly, the teaching of theologian contemplative life was further rod idea of medieval philosophy, a doctrine that had a decisive influence on European consciousness, until the Enlightenment. Augustine's interpreted the doctrine that man can be saved independently, it can happen only with the living presence of God in this life, which is due to internal and external routes encourages people to perfection. Determining the path of salvation in the early Middle Ages was grieving and humble monk in contemplation of austerity. However, it should be noted that a key Augustine's principle - contemplative soul perfection that realized ascetic life of monks becomes narrow corporate practices. It deepened singular trend early Christian violate equality synchronization between collective and individual. Monastic Practice has proved, it is not effective, because it could not provide imaginable salvation to all members of the Christian community - tore the only body of the church - shared by Ecclesia sancta ecclesia catholic. Because the only historical conditions have changed at the same time rises task salvation of Republic Christiana, not selected by the grace of monks. Revived Early Christian idea of the right of everyone to achieve wisdom and bliss. Under these conditions, contemplative method of salvation need your additions, and most in need of a new interpretation of the concept of passivity public life of God's people. (shrink)

У статті виконано комплексне дослідження розвитку вітчизняного сортовивчення, зокрема, проаналізовано діяльність Сортівничо-насінньового управління Цукротресту. Визначено історичні та соціально-економічні передумови, які сприяли становленню сортовивчення та селекції в Україні у 20-х роках ХХ ст. Доведено, що Сортівничо-насінньове управління займалося селекцією й сортовивченням не лише цукрових, а й багатьох інших сільськогосподарських культур. Діяльність Цукротресту відіграла помітну роль у розвитку аграрного сектора України та суттєво вплинулана перехід дослідної справи в сільському господарстві на науковий рівень.

In the book “Freedom of the Will”, Jonathan Edwards put forward a strong ar-gument for theological fatalism. This argument, I suppose, can be considered as the universal basis for discussion between Fatalists and Anti-Fatalists in the 20th century, especially in the context of the most powerful argument for fatalism, introduced by Nelson Pike. The argument of Edwards rests upon the following principles: if something has been the case in the past, it has been the case necessarily ; if God knows (...) something, it is not the case that ~A is possible. Hence, Edwards infers that if God had foreknowledge that A, then A is necessary, and it is not the case that someone could voluntarily choose ~A. The article argues that the Edwards` inference Kgp → □p rests upon the modal fallacy; the inference „God had a knowledge that p will happen, therefore „God had a knowledge that p will happen” is the proposition about the past, and hence, the necessarily true proposition“ is ambiguous; thus, it is not the case that this proposition necessarily entails the impossibility of ~p; it is not the case that p, being known by God, turns out to be necessary. Thus, we can avoid the inference of Edwards that if Kgp is a fact of the past, then we cannot freely choose ~p. It has also been shown that the main provisions of the argument of Edwards remain significant in the context of contemporary debates about free will and foreknowledge. Additionally, I introduce a new challenge for fatalism – argument from Brouwerian axiom. (shrink)

Досліджуються основні положення суфійської космології у їх зв’язку з антропологічними ідеями. Особлива увага приділяється відображенню і інтерпретації цих концепцій у дидактичних текстах і сучасній суфійській традиції. Інтелектуальна традиція суфізму поєднала, з одного боку, неоплатонічне ієрархічне бачення Світобудови, притаманне класичній арабомусульманській філософії (фальсафа), а з іншого – релігійні постулати, переосмислені крізь призму духовної традиції та індивідуального містичного досвіду. Суфійські автори і академічні дослідники розрізняють спекулятивний містицизм, або аль-тасаввуф аль-ільмі (теоретичний суфізм), або ірфан аль-назарі (споглядальне знання, гнозис) та аль-тасаввуф альамалі (практичний суфізм). (...) Водночас деякі сучасні вчені вважають, що дослідники, зосереджуючись в основному на вивченні теоретичних текстів, не приділяють належної уваги практичним. (shrink)

The nature and factors of the existence of the nation-state in the doctrine of H. Ortega y Gasset are revealed. Ortehovoyi in interpreting the nation-state is a metaphysical strength and unity of past and future, tradition and consolidating new purpose-idea alloy democratic institutions and subconscious zovu blood, land, language, mature nation. As an instrument of the nation, the nation state is a political entity that legitimizes the idea of social order and public self is an initiative of the people and (...) personality. The democratic nature of the nation-state is its indispensable advantage - it gives real grounds separate individual and values harmonious collective resist oppression. Simultaneously, the nation state is the result of integration of peoples to new historical stage of development, volitional act elite, which determine the call-idea and transform it into a state-based form of "call" world capabilities of the people. This creative process is not possible without a high level of social elasticity without close consolidate elites with public miles, without the democratic principles of cooperation, which together store representations, symbolic and real-institutional unity of the body politic of the nation, and is the key to the dichotomy of nation-state - its dynamics and statics. Thus, the concept of nation-state process of reconciliation Madrid provides citizens with the idea of a sovereign political body which defends freedom and respects their interests and concluded lifestyle. Thus, the concept of the nation state H. Ortega y Gasset is the liberal-conservative trait. It is presented as a result of historical passages mature nation and a compromise individual rights of the person will and ability of elites. (shrink)

У статті розкривається концепція миру в уявлені св. Августина для позитивного вирішення проблеми синхронізації колективного й індивідуального з метою збереження комунікації між іманентним і трансцендентним. Робиться висновок, що поняття "мир" в Августиновій доктрині отримало універсальний зміст завдяки своїй комплексності й кумулятивності в справі спасіння - практичного руху іманентного до трансцендентного і навпаки. Завдяки індивідуальному здобутку миру на всіх рівнях соціально-політичного й релігійного буття, pax aeterna й pax sempiterna максимально зближуються і тим ставлять людство перед Божою ласкою.

У статті розкриваються Августинові інтенції синхронізації індивідуального і колективного в царині політичного. Для гармонізації протиріч індивідуального і колективного та наближення до доброчесного вдосконалення богослов пропонував ряд державницьких концептів. Він радив, незважаючи на гріховну природу державної влади, навчитися використовувати її в спільній справі наближення до Граду Божого.

Mark Jago has introduced a short Fitch-style argument for truthmaker maximalism – the thesis that every truth has a truthmaker. In response to Jago, Trueman argues that the Fitch-style reasoning allows us to prove the opposite – no truth has a truthmaker. In the article, we consider the debates between Jago’s truthmaker maximalism and Trueman’s truthmaker nihilism. Also, we introduce a short Grim-style argument against Jago’s truthmaker maximalism.

RESUMO Este artigo é dedicado ao argumento contra o Requisito de Existência fornecido por Takashi Yagisawa. Argumentamos que o cerne do argumento de Yagisawa – a Forte Iterabilidade – não pode ser inferido pela ideia de contingente a priori (Kripke) e é incompatível com a ideia de @-transformação (Plantinga). Assim, essas ideias, contrariamente a Yagisawa, não podem servir de base metodológica da Forte Iterabilidade. Também argumentamos que a Forte Iterabilidade é incompatível com o Princípio Constitutivo. Finalmente, mostramos que o conceito (...) de propriedades indexadas pelo mundo (o argumento de Yagisawa se fa na ideia de propriedades indexadas pelo mundo) é inconsistente e, mesmo que o defensor da Forte Iterabilidade possa resistir a esta objeção, a Forte Iterabilidade deve ser abandonada. (shrink)

The article is devoted to the question of whether unknowable obligations are possible. According to the popular view (known as Access), an act is obligatory only if its agent can know that this act is obligatory. Sorensen (1995) argues against Access, and Sider and Wieland both defend Access by suggesting (S) – For any obligation O, individual X must refrain from making O unknowable. We consider various difficulties concerning the possibility of (S) – an infinite regress, self-referential nature of (S), (...) unprovability of (S). It is argued that (S), from a certain perspective, is itself the unknowable obligation. Keywords: Obligations, access, regress, self-reference. (shrink)

The article deals with the role of Russian culture in the period of the RF war against Ukraine. The history is considered as the basic structure that shapes the discursive foundation of identity. Historical narratives as well as the cultural background of imperial identity and risks of the full scale representation of Russian culture in the Ukrainian social consciousness are analyzed. The two tendencies are also comprehended — junk science foundation of geopolitical projects and devalu- ation of the historically formed (...) senses. So the communicative action is penetrated by the strategic action bazed on the false reality fundament, this significant element of the war of the world. The vivid example of junk science is the neoeurasian ideology, that defines the strategy of Kremlin informational attack on the Ukrainian identity. Standoff between the identities takes place in the course of the imperial mobilization project development. The symbiosis of governmental authorities and artists plays the key role in its realization. The author outlines the main features of the strategic effect of penetration into the core of communicative process and the false reality building. Also the author develops the thought that the heartbreaking and impetuous change of con- tradictory narratives are the one of the fundamental resources of information war. In particular it deals with the great Russian Simulacrum as the vivid example of the instrumental reason that is in the base of the information war against Ukraine. It is also defined the historical origin of the simulacra as the instrument of the Russian special services and the role of their partners — the iconic figures of the Russian literature — in the projects of the public opinion manipulation. (shrink)

The relevance of the chosen topic of the article is determined by the need to improve the system of educational activities in postmodernism. The article provides a theoretical analysis of developments on the topic, substantiates axiological perspectives of educational activities in postmodern philosophy, gives a description of axiological areas of academic activity in postmodern philosophy; the main directions of the philosophy of education in the epoch of postmodernism are determined; the vision of a new paradigm of education in the works (...) of researchers and scientists is presented. The article analyses the understanding of the problems of education in the European philosophical and pedagogical tradition of the XX-XXI century, gives a brief overview of systematic works on the philosophy of education of prominent Western researchers of these problems, taking into account their proposed educational values. Based on the analysis, the article's author concludes that it is necessary to critically review several traditions for the philosophy of education and the choice of approaches in understanding the values of modern education. The article's author notes the emergence of new axiological paradigms of education in the philosophy of education of the late XX - early XXI century, associated with the development of cultural-centric and global-historical trends in philosophy. (shrink)

The codification of language has both its advantages and disadvantages, both its prospects and its limitations. It is possible to determine this not from linguistic, but from meta-scientific, namely philosophical positions. At the heart of the codification procedure is the creation of specialized dictionaries based on a particular national language. The language of science is also always built on the basis of a certain national language — even if this language later serves as the language of international scientific communication (for (...) example, English). At the same time, codification of the language of science should reproduce the most significant resources of natural language as a symbolic system, as well as develop the institutional potential of science based on the capabilities of language as an institution. The codification of language of science should perform three main functions: descriptive-classification, system-legitimation and projective-predictive. The language of science is the embodiment of the symbolic universe studied by social phe- nomenologists Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, and at the same time must correspond to the four main functions of the system of action, which were distinguished by Talcott Parsons. Codification is a relentless process that reflects and stimulates the development of language as a symbolic system, the meaning of which is set by specific language practices. The language of science is a set of all language practices of scientists in various fields, these practices must be harmonized through the codification of the language of science, while they constantly stimulate the renewal of codification of the language of science. It should be done through the creation of new practices and new scientific objects — and through the extrapolation of the application of existing terminology to new scientific fields as well. (shrink)

The growth of the religious network, the pluralisation of religious life, the desecularization of the Ukrainian society, and the increase in the number of citizens who identify with one of the religions or consider themselves believers, are pressing questions about the development of interfaith relations. "Religious Revival" in Ukraine in the early 1990s. was accompanied by conflicts between believers and religious organizations on religious property, spheres of influence, development of infrastructure, quantitative increase of the flock, and affirmation in society. It (...) is safe to say that in Ukraine there were dialectically opposite to ecumenical processes - disintegration in the Orthodox environment and conflicts between Catholics and Orthodox. American religious scholar Joseph Loy called the current situation in Western Ukraine "ecumenical Chornobyl" because it was a "catastrophe" in Catholic-Orthodox relations in the 1990s. polluted the "atmosphere of inter-church relations around the ecumenical world.". (shrink)

The growth of the religious network, the pluralisation of religious life, the desecularization of the Ukrainian society, and the increase in the number of citizens who do not identify with one of the religions or believe themselves to be religious, raise the issue of the development of interfaith relations. "Religious Revival" in Ukraine in the Beginning of the 1990s. it was accompanied by conflicts between believers and religious organizations for religious property, spheres of influence, infrastructure development, quantitative expansion of the (...) flock, and affirmation in society. It is safe to say that in Ukraine there were dialectically opposite to ecumenical processes - disintegration in the Orthodox environment and conflicts between Catholics and Orthodox. American religious scholar Joseph Loy called the current situation in Western Ukraine an "ecumenical Chornobyl" because it was a "catastrophe" in Catholic-Orthodox relations in the 1990s. polluted the "atmosphere of inter-church relations around the ecumenical world.". (shrink)

Characteristic features of Christianity of the twentieth century were the consolidation of his denominations around social problems and holding inter-Christian theological and missionary conferences. These components of Christian history of the last century are connected with ecumenism. Ecumenism, in turn, influenced the initiation of a dialogue between Christianity and other religions, most notably Judaism and Islam. Thus, a comprehensive study of ecumenism will not only enable us to better understand contemporary Christianity and try to predict further ways of its development, (...) but also on the basis of it to understand the inter-religious dialogue, which largely depends on the future of the world community. (shrink)

Oleh Shepetyak. Monotheistic tendencies of Egypt's religions of the pre-dynastic and early dynastic period. The study analyzes the religion of ancient Egypt, and it proved the presence of a clear monotheistic tendencies. The article provides a brief examination of the historical landmarks of Egyptian culture, its literary achievements inspection and analysis of earlier beliefs, which are at the center of the personality of Seth and Horus, and other deities who have the zeal of the late myth associated with them.

Свобода постає як добра воля і вільний вибір громадянина, коли він виявляє себе як волонтер. Крім того, волонтерство завжди спрямоване на спільне благо і є важливою і відповідальною роботою, попри те, що до неї не може бути примусу. Назріло осмислення того, що волонтерство присвячене не супутнім або другорядним суспільним справам, як наприклад, піклування про хворих вуличних тварин або екологічні рухи, але стосується самого сенсу суспільного життя як щирого прагнення творити добро для інших і піклуватися про створення спільного блага – незважаючи (...) на меркантильний інтерес та егоїстичні мотиви. Волонтерство показує, що найважливіші речі у взаємодії з іншими людьми не можна виміряти грошима чи домаганнями влади. Уся історія філософії додає важливі сенси до осмислення специфічної свободи як вона себе врешті-решт проявляє у волонтерському русі. Філософія волонтерського руху – це практична філософія свободи. Слід здійснити філософське переосмислення досліджень свободи людини як громадянина і як учасника інших соціальних взаємин, яке було здійснене у історії філософії з найдавніших часів. У даній статті лише позначено пунктиром основні ідеї, які мають значущість для філософії волонтерського руху сьогодні і які було сформульовано у різний період класиками філософської думки у світі і в Україні. У античності важливими є концептуалізації свободи Сократом та його послідовниками, а також представниками епікуреїзму та стоїцизму, у Середні віки – Святим Августином, Томою Аквінським, згодом – Мартином Лютером і Еразмом Ротердамським, у Новий час – концепції громадянських свобод Томаса Гобса, Жан-Жака Русо та інших, у філософії німецького ідеалізму важливим є зв’язок свободи і свідомості, у філософії лібералізму та прагматизму виявлено інституційні засади свободи, сучасна політична філософія розкриває зв’язок свободи особистості і її роль у розвитку громад. Дослідження свободи відіграють важливу роль у розвитку української філософії щонайменше від Григорія Сковороди. Сучасні дослідники присвятили темі волонтерства дослідження у царині психології, соціальної роботи, політології та інших соціальних та гуманітарних наук, тоді як філософські дослідження свободи під кутом зору аналізу волонтерського руху лише починаються. (shrink)

This paper examines Mykhail Semenko’s Futurist manifestos that developed an opposition between “national” and “international” art, and specifically called “national” art provincial and retrograde. In promoting the international European avant-garde, Semenko’s essays demonstrate how consistently he championed a contemporary and modern Ukrainian culture in the face of home-grown conservatism.

In the article of Oleh Shepetyak "The Christianity of Franks: the Formation of the Vector of European Civilization" is analyzed the Christianization of Western Europe and the Rolle of Franks in this difficult process. The basis of the European civilization is Christianity. The Christianization of the European peoples was a difficult and ambiguous process. Many Germanic peoples, which settled down in Europe, had accepted the Christianity in its Arianism version. The main factor, which caused the domination of Catholic Church (...) in Western Europe and the crowning out of the Arianism, was the political domination of the Franks and the Frank's conquest of the Germanic peoples. The changes of the dynasties of Frank's Kingdom and the change of Europa's political map Europe had played very impotent role in the Christianization Europa's. In the article is highlighted special role of two Frankꞌs Kings Clovis and Charles the Great in the Process dissemination of Christianity in Europe. The analyze of these facts of the religious history Europe's is the object of this article. (shrink)

Розглядаються основні теорії комічного, що належать до класичної парадигми філософствування (Т.Гоббса, І.Канта, Г.Гегеля, З.Фройда та ін.), розкривається їх взаємозв’язок та еволюція поглядів на проблему комічного. Комічне сформувало особливий культурний пласт – світ сміху, який постійно протиставляється світу серйозному. Мета цієї статті – дати загальний огляд основних теорій комічного в західній філософській думці. Розгалужена культура сміху, заснована на комічному в житті та мистецтві, має глибоке історичне коріння.У класичній західній філософії існують три види традиційних теорій сміху: переваги, невідповідності, розрядки. Основні положення теорії (...) переваги були викладені Аристотелем і Платоном і домінували у західному мисленні про сміх протягом двох тисячоліть. Вважалось, що сміх виражає почуття переваги над іншими людьми або над нашим колишнім станом.Другим підходом до вивчення проблеми гумору була теорія невідповідності яка виникла у 18 столітті, щоб кинути виклик теорії переваги,. У той час як теорія переваги стверджує, що причиною сміху є почуття переваги, то теорія невідповідності вважає, що причина сміху –це сприйняття чогось невідповідного, чогось, що порушує наші розумові моделі та очікування. Зараз це домінуюча теорія гумору у філософії та психології.Теорія розрядки стверджує, що сміх позбавляє від накопиченої нервової енергії. Засновниками цієї теорії є Герберт Спенсер і Зигмунд Фройд. У статті зазначається, що кожна з теорій гумору здатна пояснити лише деякі з комічних проявів. Проте кожен тип теорії висвітлює певний аспект гумору. А тому ведеться подальший пошук філософського обґрунтування такого складного поняття, як сміх. (shrink)

“In this article we sketch out the landscape for this Special Issue on anticipating and embedding the societal challenge of nanotechnologies. Tools that actors may choose to employ for these processes are articulated, and further explored through the introduction of the seven articles which comprise this Issue. Taken together, these articles create a cogent narrative on the societal challenges posed by nanotechnologies. They are drawn together by three distinct themes, each of which is briefly considered within this context of this (...) Introductory article”. (shrink)

This article uses foodscapes as a lens to explore the potential of ecovillages’ food practices towards enhancing sustainable food systems. Ecovillages are collective projects where members attempt to integrate sustainability principles into daily community life. In these communities, food acts, not only as an element of social life, but also as a venue through which to interact with mainstream food systems and society. Yet, how food practices at ecovillages contribute to sustainable food systems remains vague. This article proposes foodscapes, as (...) a lens, for exploring the sustainability potential of place-based food practices in ecovillages, while also directing attention to how these practices intersect with networks at broader social and spatial scales. It asks, how can we better understand and draw from sustainable food practices, when considering these as both, place-based and relational? And what is the potential and the role of ecovillage communities to contribute to broader sustainable food system change? Drawing on ethnographic and food mapping methods, the article explores selected food practices at three ecovillage communities in the United States. Using social practice theory for “zooming in” on place-based practices and “zooming out” to examine relational networks, we investigate how these communities create internally sustainable food systems, while externally bridging themselves with broader urban and rural communities. Through viewing ecovillage food practices as place-based and relational, we develop a broader and spatially-focused understanding of food system sustainability. (shrink)

The phenomenon of corruption as a type of crime is immanently inherent in social and political reality. Sociality as a trans-societal universal form of human community is the environment in which corruption ties are born and function. The socio-political structure is organized as a collective effort, on the one hand, it overcomes disintegration, and on the other, it generates corrupt behaviour patterns. Corruption models of behaviour have an extremely wide scale of distribution and are characterized by active institutional expansion into (...) various spheres and institutions of modern society, they feed business relations and administrative activities, covering huge masses of the population. In this sense, their study is extremely important and relevant. (shrink)

The purpose of the roundtable discussion is to discuss challenges and threats to Ukraine's democratic development in the face of unsustainable democratic institutions in the process of long-term social transformation. Investigating these conflicting institutional dynamics in the spectrum of their socio-structural, socio-psychological and socio-cultural manifestations, analyzing these challenges, risks and threats to the democratic development of the country is an urgent task of humanitarian knowledge. A joint roundtable of two academic journals, bringing together the expert opinions of sociologists and philosophers, (...) is a definite step in this direction. (shrink)

У статті аналізується науково-дослідна діяльність відділу наукового атеїзму Інституту філософії АН УРСР. Автор на основі архівного матеріалу розглядає основну тематику відділу, а також показує, як вона формувалась. У статті розглянуто й прикладні дослідження відділу, що були пов’язані з вивченням релігійної ситуації на підприємствах та вироблення практичних рекомендацій щодо підвищення ефективності атеїстичного виховання. З’ясовано, що серед дослідницьких розробок відділу були кон’юнктурні теми та теми на замовлення партійних органів. Автор доходить висновку, що пропагандистська складова в діяльності цього відділу якщо й не домінувала (...) над дослідницькою в діяльності київського відділу, то принаймні мала на неї значний вплив. (shrink)